Vitamin D: biochemical functions and relevance in human health

Vitamin D, an essential liposoluble vitamin, has emerged as a critical molecule in the regulation of numerous physiological processes. Although it is widely recognized for its role in bone health, the functions of vitamin D extend much further. Here, we explore its biochemical functions and relevance in human health.

1. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

The main recognized function of vitamin D is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. This vitamin is essential to guarantee adequate intestinal absorption of these minerals. In the absence of sufficient vitamin D, only around 10-15% of dietary calcium and about 60% of the phosphorus would be absorbed. In addition, it helps keep calcium in the body by reducing its renal excretion.

2. Interaction with the PTH (parathormone)

Vitamin D and PTH work together to regulate blood calcium levels. The PTH is secret in response to low calcium levels and promotes the renal conversion of vitamin D to its active form, Calcitriol. Once activated, vitamin D promotes renal retention of calcium, increases its intestinal absorption and, with the help of the PTH, facilitates the release of calcium from the bones.

3. Differentiation and cell growth

Vitamin D influences differentiation and cell growth in a variety of tissues. This ability to influence cell behavior is especially crucial in processes such as bone formation, where vitamin D can inhibit cell proliferation and promote its differentiation.

4. Immune system modulation

With immunomodulating effects, vitamin D acts on immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. In addition, it can stimulate the production of antimicrobial peptides, thus strengthening body defenses against infections.

5. Genetic regulation

Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has the ability to join a nuclear receiver known as Vitamin D (VDR) receiver. This complex can act as a transcription factor, modifying the expression of specific genes in almost all body cells.

6. Brain function and neurological protection

Vitamin D receptors are also present in the brain. Vitamin D plays a role in neuronal protection and can help reduce inflammation in brain tissue.

Conclusion

Vitamin D is clearly a multifunctional molecule that plays vital roles in human health. Its deficiency can lead to bone diseases and has been associated with a greater risk of several chronic diseases. Ensuring to maintain adequate levels of vitamin D is essential for optimal health.